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我国校园助学贷款渐萎缩 部分学生不按时还款

2013/9/8    作者:

香港新闻日报通讯社:收益率低、违约率高,校园地助学贷款渐萎缩

我国校园助学贷款渐萎缩 部分学生不按时还款

制图:张芳曼

新学年开始了,申请办理大学生助学贷款成为很多贫困学生求学的重要依靠。目前,国家助学贷款有哪些?发展现状如何?过去经常曝光的学生毕业后不还款现象是否有所改变?记者深入助学贷款需求较大的宁夏调查后发现,当前存在的两种助学贷款模式——校园地助学贷款与生源地助学贷款,正面临着完全不同的发展处境。

收益率低、违约率高,校园地助学贷款渐萎缩

宁夏教育厅学生资助管理中心母宏英老师介绍,宁夏的助学贷款先由校园地助学贷款起步,随后,采取生源地助学贷款和校园地助学贷款并行。

2001年,北方民族大学开始和工商银行合作进行校园地国家助学贷款,贷款学生数138人,金额为172.76万元,由于违约率过高,工商银行退出该业务。2004年9月,中国银行总行在各金融机构参与的全国115所中央部属高校国家助学贷款业务竞标中中标。截至2013年6月末,中行宁夏分行已累计为该校2834名学生发放国家助学贷款。

北方民族大学助学中心提供的数据显示,该校的校园地贷款,从2010年的166人、总额291万元,下降到2012年的92人、总额154万元。目前进入自主还款的学生有490人,逾期人数94人,不良率10.1%,违约率12.3%。

“国家助学贷款在操作、管理、收益、风险等方面存在各种困难,很多银行都不愿意贷。”北方民族大学学生处助学中心的王雪莲老师说。对此,一位业内人士说:“第一,相比其他贷款业务,学生助学贷款国家贴息,利润太低;第二,助学贷款每笔金额都比较小,但贷款审批流程和贷后管理反而工作量较大,和收益不对等;第三,违约率比较高,如果违约率超过10%,很多银行从风险管理的角度也可能会退出。”

双层信用、多段联结共保还款,生源地助学贷款增长快

与校园地贷款形成对比的,是生源地贷款的发展。

2008年,国开行宁夏分行开始在宁夏做生源地贷款,截至2012年,全区累计发放助学贷款4.94亿元,资助94489人次。生源地信用助学贷款业务以县为单位,覆盖面为100%。预计今年还将有5万名左右的宁夏籍大学生获得助学贷款,贷款金额将达到2.5亿元,再创历史新高。

北方民族大学助学中心提供的数据也显示,该校生源地贷款从2010年的1734人、总额840万元,增长到2012年的3219人、总额1642.98万元。贷款人数和贷款总额两年增加了近一倍。

“我们学校的生源大部分来自老少边穷地区,有助学贷款需求的学生大概在30%以上。”北方民族大学学生工作处处长韩叶盛说。

银川市永宁县教育体育局学生资助管理中心韩李华老师向记者展示了办理助学贷款的流程和网上管理系统:先接受学生网上申请,资助中心进行网络审核,审核通过后,接收学生现场书面申请和纸质材料,然后组织申请贷款学生集中签订国家开发银行生源地信用助学贷款合同。在学生和共同借款人(直系亲属)签字、按手印,审定无误后,学生就可以带走贷款合同和受理证明。

“生源地贷款将过去仅仅依靠学生信用的单一模式,转变为学生及其直系亲属为共同借款人的双层信用模式,并建立了借款学生入学前、入学后和就业后三个阶段的信用联结,将学生家长、高校和就业单位等信用相关者联结成一道风险防范链。”国家开发银行宁夏分行副行长刘加清介绍,目前助学贷款工作已经覆盖宁夏各市县,贷款还款率达到100%,据测算,不良率能控制在3%以内。

对于生源地贷款发展形势较好的原因,王雪莲分析说:“生源地贷款的共同借款人(直系亲属)所在位置通常是不动的,学生即使毕业了也好联系。另一个原因在于,生源地贷款2009年才开始办,进入还款期的还不是很多,很多问题还没有表现出来。”

部分学生不按时还款,成国家助学贷款发展难题

据了解,国家助学贷款实行电脑系统管理,进入还款期后,银行自动扣款系统会按照还款计划,于每月还款日从贷款学生账户上自动划收应还本息。如果金额不足造成划收失败,系统将对其拖欠金额计收罚息,并将其违约行为载入金融机构个人征信系统。

个人征信系统主要会对学生下一步的银行业务发生影响,比如贷款买房、买车或者小额贷款创业,但是往往学生毕业多年后才会需要上述银行业务,这使一部分学生并不重视按时还款。

韩叶盛介绍:“学生毕业离校前,必须与经办银行办理还款确认手续,包括制定还款计划、签订还款协议。毕业生必须清楚自己每月所还款项、还款时间、金额。”

“特别对于校园地助学贷款来说,学校和银行对学生本人及其家庭情况等信息了解程度更低。外地催收难度增大,客观上增加了学生违约的概率。”上述业内人士说。

“现在国家规定不允许扣毕业生的学位证或毕业证,而学生助学贷款又没有任何抵押、担保,对于一些还款意识不强的同学,似乎失去了约束力,这是当前助学贷款面临的一个重要问题。”助学中心一位老师说。

虽然目前生源地助学贷款还款率达到100%,共同借款人模式也被认为有助于解决还款问题,但刘加清表示,随着加入生源地助学贷款人数的增长,按时还款依然非常重要。“学校和社会必须加强学生的诚信教育,提高学生还款积极性。否则,一旦银行承受风险过大,生源地助学贷款业务同样会萎缩。”


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